Meningiomas are malignant tumors that develop in the membranes around the brain and spinal cord and occur in adults. While meningiomas can be asymptomatic, knowing the signs, symptoms, and treatment options is vital to catching any early changes. This article will help you decode meningioma to identify signs, symptoms, and effective treatment. You and your loved ones can seek medical help immediately by recognizing the warning signs.

What is a meningioma?
Meningioma is a type of intracranial tumor that originates from the arachnoid cap cells, which are the cells that line the outer covering of the brain and spinal cord. These tumors are typically slow-growing, and most are benign, meaning they might be harmless. However, in rare cases, meningiomas can be more aggressive and malignant. They can occur at any age but are most commonly diagnosed in adults between 40 and 70.

Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of meningioma is unknown. However, several risk factors have been identified that may increase the likelihood of developing this disease. Understanding these causes and risk factors can help individuals be more informed and proactive about their health. Causes and risk factors of meningioma include:

• Radiation exposure: There’s a link between previous radiation treatment to the head and meningioma. This risk is highest when radiation therapy is received at a young age.
• Hormonal factors: As mentioned earlier, estrogen may play a role in meningioma development, supported by hormonal factors, such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after menopause, associated with an increased risk of meningioma.
• Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): NF2 is a rare genetic disorder that causes the development of noncancerous tumors in the nervous system. People with NF2 have an increased risk of developing meningiomas, among other tumors.

Common signs and symptoms

• Headaches: Persistent and severe headaches are often the first sign of meningioma. These headaches can vary in intensity and may worsen over time.
• Seizures: Meningioma can cause seizures, which are sudden and uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain. Seizures can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by loss of consciousness and muscle contractions.
• Weakness or numbness: Meningiomas can press on the surrounding nerves, causing weakness or numbness in specific body parts. These symptoms can manifest as weakness in the arms or legs or a loss of sensation in the affected area.
• Changes in personality or behavior: Meningioma can affect the areas of the brain responsible for personality and behavior. This behavior change can result in mood swings, irritability, aggression, or depression.

Treatment options

• Observation: For small, slow-growing tumors that are not causing any symptoms or complications, doctors may suggest monitoring the tumor with regular imaging tests and exams.
• Surgery: Surgery is usually the first line of treatment for meningioma, especially if the tumor is causing symptoms or putting pressure on vital structures in the brain. Depending on the location and size of the tumor, the surgeon may use traditional open surgery or minimally invasive techniques like endoscopic surgery or radiosurgery.
• Radiation therapy: This is often used in conjunction with surgery or as an alternative to surgery for tumors that are difficult to remove or have a high risk of recurrence.
• Chemotherapy: While chemotherapy is not typically used as a first-line treatment for meningioma, it may be considered if the tumor has spread to other body parts or if other treatments have not been effective.