Brain hemorrhage or bleed, also known as a stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage, is a situation that requires immediate medical attention. In the event of a rupture in a blood vessel in the brain, bleeding occurs within and around the brain. A brain hemorrhage may have devastating effects, including paralysis and cognitive problems. Let’s take a closer look at the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for different types of brain hemorrhage.
Types of brain hemorrhage
There are four types of brain hemorrhage, each with its own unique symptoms and causes.
- Epidural hemorrhage
This type of hemorrhage occurs when blood collects between the skull and the outermost layer of the brain. The most common cause is trauma to the head, such as an accident or a fall. Its symptoms may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and seizures. - Intracerebral hemorrhage
This occurs when blood vessels inside the brain burst and blood pools in the surrounding tissues. The common causes of this condition are high blood pressure and traumatic brain injury. Symptoms may include headaches, weakness on one side of the body, slurred speech, and seizures. - Subarachnoid hemorrhage
In this type, blood gets collected between the brain and the thin membrane that covers it. The common causes are ruptured aneurysms and head injuries. Its symptoms may include sudden and severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, and seizures. - Subdural hemorrhage
This occurs when blood pools in between the brain and the dura, the membrane covering it. The biggest cause of this condition is trauma to the head, such as a fall or an accident. Symptoms may include headaches, confusion, dizziness, and seizures.
Diagnosis of brain hemorrhage
- Neurological examination
The extent of damage caused by a brain hemorrhage can be determined by a neurological examination. It may include checking reflexes, coordination, and balance, as well as evaluating speech, vision, and memory. - Spinal tap
During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is collected from the lower back. In this test, blood can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, which may indicate a brain hemorrhage. - Angiography
Angiography is a diagnostic test that uses a dye to visualize blood vessels in the brain. It can help doctors identify the location and severity of a brain hemorrhage. - Imaging tests
A CT scan or an MRI may be performed to obtain a clear picture of the brain and identify any bleeding. - Blood tests
These may be conducted to check for bleeding disorders or other underlying health conditions.
Treatment options for brain hemorrhage
The objective of treatment is to stop the bleeding, reduce the pressure on the brain, and prevent further damage. The common treatment options include:
- Supplements
Doctors may prescribe these to control blood pressure and prevent seizures. - Surgery
Sometimes surgery is necessary to remove the blood clot and relieve pressure on the brain. By using invasive techniques such as endovascular coiling or embolization, a craniotomy is done to gain access to the brain. - Supportive care
Patients with brain hemorrhage often require close monitoring in an intensive care unit. Supportive care may include maintaining adequate blood pressure and oxygen levels, managing intracranial pressure, and providing other supportive measures to ensure the patient’s comfort. - Rehabilitation
After treatment, rehabilitation is integral to the recovery process. This may involve physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and other interventions to help the patient regain lost functions and improve their quality of life.
Treatment decisions are made case-by-case by a team of healthcare professionals, including neurosurgeons and critical care specialists.
