Esophageal cancer, as the name suggests, is a condition that affects the esophagus—a tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It develops in the cells lining the esophagus. This type of cancer is often asymptomatic until it advances, so it is essential to learn about the signs, causes, and available treatment options to manage the progression and get appropriate care. So, here is everything one should know about the condition:

Symptoms
Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the two main types of esophageal cancer. Squamous cell carcinomas usually develop in the upper part of the esophagus, while adenocarcinomas are found in the lower part of the esophagus, close to the stomach. If left untreated, esophageal cancer can spread to other body parts, including the lymph nodes and surrounding organs.

• Difficulty swallowing
• Pain or discomfort in the chest or back
• Hoarseness or a persistent cough
• Acid reflux or heartburn that does not respond to treatment
• Chronic hiccups
• Vomiting or coughing up blood

If one experiences any of these symptoms, they should see a doctor immediately.

Causes and risk factors
This type of cancer can affect men and women both and is more common among those over 50. The following factors can increase the risk or contribute to the development of esophageal cancer.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): This condition can cause acid reflux and chronic inflammation in the esophagus, increasing the risk of cancer in the region.

Barrett’s esophagus: Here, the lining of the esophagus is replaced by abnormal cells that can increase the risk of cancer.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: This has been found to be a risk factor for a small percentage of esophageal cancer cases, particularly in younger people.

Other conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as achalasia (an esophagus disorder), can increase the risk of esophageal cancer.

While some of the risk factors cannot be controlled, others can be addressed through lifestyle changes or medical interventions.

Treatment options
Overall health, the location and stage of cancer, and personal preferences can determine the type of treatment recommended. It is possible for doctors to recommend one or more of the following options:

Surgery: Surgical procedures may be recommended to remove the cancerous tissue depending on the tumor’s location and size. This may involve removing part or all of the esophagus and the nearby lymph nodes.

Chemotherapy: This involves the use of prescription treatment to kill cancer cells. It may be used in combination with surgery to shrink the tumor or kill the remaining cancer cells.

Radiation therapy: Here, high-energy radiation is used to kill cancer cells. It may be used in conjunction with chemotherapy or as the primary treatment for early-stage esophageal cancer.

Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy involves using a prescription treatment that specifically targets cancer cells and their unique characteristics. This may be combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

It is essential to work closely with a medical team to determine the best course of treatment. In addition to these treatment options, clinical trials may be available for those with esophageal cancer, offering access to promising new therapies.