When the cancer cells originating in the breasts spread to other body parts, it is called metastatic breast cancer (also known as stage IV or advanced breast cancer). This article delves into a few aspects of the condition, including its common signs, symptoms, causes, and available treatment options. Learning about metastatic breast cancer can help patients and their loved ones make informed decisions and seek appropriate care for a better prognosis.

Signs and symptoms
Metastatic breast cancer can trigger a range of discomforts that vary depending on the organs or tissues affected by the spread of cancer cells. A few examples include:

• Persistent pain in specific areas, such as the bones, liver, lungs, or brain
• Unexplained loss of appetite
• Fatigue or unexplained weakness
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Swelling or lumps in areas distant from the breast, such as the neck, armpit, or groin
• Neurological symptoms, such as headaches, seizures, or changes in vision or speech

The symptoms of metastatic breast cancer may differ from those of early-stage breast cancer. If someone experiences unusual or persistent symptoms, they should consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

Causes and risk factors
Metastatic breast cancer occurs when cancer cells from the primary tumor in the breast spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. While the exact causes of metastasis are not fully understood, certain risk factors may contribute to its development, including:

• Stage of breast cancer at diagnosis
  Advanced-stage breast cancer is more likely to have metastasized.
• Hormone receptor status
  Breast cancers that are hormone receptor-positive may have a higher risk of metastasis.
• HER2 status
  HER2-positive breast cancers may be more aggressive and have a higher likelihood of metastasis.
• Age at diagnosis
  Younger women may have a higher risk of metastasis.
• Genetic mutations
  Inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can increase the risk of metastasis.

Diagnosis and monitoring
Detecting the signs of metastatic breast cancer requires regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare professionals. Diagnostic tests may include imaging scans, biopsies, and blood tests. Signs that indicate the presence of metastatic breast cancer include:

• Imaging results showing the spread of cancer to other organs or tissues
• Biopsy results confirming the presence of cancer cells in areas distant from the breast
• Elevated tumor markers in blood tests, such as CA 15-3 or CEA

Treatment options and management
Treatment aims to control the disease, alleviate its symptoms, and improve the patient’s quality of life. A few common treatment options include:

• Systemic therapies
  Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy, and immunotherapy aim to control the growth and spread of cancer cells throughout the body.
• Surgery
  Surgery may be performed to remove metastatic tumors, particularly if they cause pain or other complications.
• Radiation therapy
  It can alleviate symptoms and reduce pain in areas affected by metastasis, such as the bones or the brain.

By recognizing the symptoms, understanding the risk factors, and seeking appropriate care, individuals and their loved ones can better manage metastatic breast cancer. Ongoing research offers hope for improved treatment outcomes and quality of life for those with the condition.