Adenoids are tissues located high up in one’s throat, at the back of one’s nose. They form an important part of a child’s immune system. The adenoids begin to shrink after age five, and the body develops more complex mechanisms to fight germs. If adenoids become enlarged or infected, they may cause health concerns for the child. Here are a few common symptoms, causes, and treatment options one should know:

Functions of adenoids

Adenoids and tonsils work together to neutralize and eliminate harmful pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, that can enter a child’s system by inhalation or swallowing. Apart from preventing infection, they also balance one’s body fluids and develop tolerance to certain substances. The adenoids are typically much smaller by teen or adulthood or may even disappear entirely. As the body matures, other lymphoid tissues take over the protective function of adenoids.

Causes of enlarged adenoids
Adenoids may get enlarged due to bacterial or viral infections like the cold and flu and return to normal size after the infection subsides. At times, adenoviruses known to affect one’s respiratory system may also affect one’s adenoids. These viruses are known to cause serious illnesses like pneumonia and bronchitis. Adenoviruses can spread through poor hygiene and water contamination and primarily affect children with a weakened immune system.

Additionally, allergies to pollen, pet hair, dust mites, or environmental factors like air pollution can trigger swelling. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), marked by acid reflux, can also affect the delicate adenoid tissues and cause adenoid inflammation.

Symptoms of enlarged adenoids

Here are a few symptoms of enlarged adenoids one should know about:

• Nasal congestion: Enlarged adenoids can obstruct the nasal passages, leading to chronic nasal congestion and difficulty breathing through the nose.
• “Nasal” voice quality: If a parent notices changes in a child’s voice with a nasal quality to it, it’s best to get it checked.
• Snoring: Blockage of the airway due to enlarged adenoids can cause snoring during sleep. The snoring may be loud and persistent.
• Breathing through the mouth: Adenoid enlargement can block one’s nasal passage and cause mouth breathing. This can also lead to a dry mouth, loud breathing, and cracked lips.
• Disturbed sleep: Enlarged adenoids may lead to frequent awakenings during the night, restless sleep, and sleep apnea, marked by paused breathing during sleep and daytime fatigue.
• Ear problems: Adenoids can also cause fluid accumulation in the middle ear, leading to ear pain, hearing issues, and increased susceptibility to ear infections.
• Sore throat: Chronic or recurrent sore throat is a common symptom of infected adenoids. The throat may feel sore, scratchy, or irritated.
• Difficulty swallowing: Enlarged adenoids can make swallowing uncomfortable or painful, particularly when swallowing solid foods.
• Bad breath: Bad breath and a runny nose are a few other symptoms of adenoid enlargement.

Treatment options
In cases where the adenoid enlargement or infection is mild and not causing significant problems, a doctor may recommend a period of observation without immediate intervention. This approach allows for the monitoring of symptoms and their natural resolution over time. Alternatively, a doctor may suggest treatment methods to help alleviate allergy-related symptoms and treat infections, including nasal sprays to reduce inflammation and congestion.

When adenoid enlargement causes persistent or severe symptoms, an adenoidectomy may be recommended. It is a surgical procedure where the adenoid tissue is completely or partially removed. This treatment is approximately 20 to 30 minutes long.

In addition, a healthcare professional may also suggest supportive measures to manage the symptoms and promote comfort. These measures may include using rinses to alleviate nasal congestion, using humidifiers to moisten the air and reduce throat irritation, and practicing good oral hygiene to prevent secondary infections.